Get the experts of APEX Test Prep on your side. The ACCUPLACER placement tests are designed to evaluate reading, writing, and math skills to assist with the accurate placement of students into college courses. Now, you can avoid making the same mistake on the actual exam.ĭisclaimer: *ACCUPLACER(R) is a trademark registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this product. Miss a question? Don't know why? These APEX Test Prep explanations show you where you went wrong. Download Accuplacer Practice Tests and enjoy it on. You're training with the prosĭetailed Answer Explanations: Every practice test comes with an in-depth answer key. Read reviews, compare customer ratings, see screenshots, and learn more about Accuplacer Practice Tests. The questions written by APEX Test Prep are as close as possible to the actual test. You'll be prepared for any question.ĪCCUPLACER Practice Test Questions: Test out your skills. This includes time limits and registration details.Ĭomprehensive Material: Our APEX Test Prep team has all the information that could be on your exam in this guide. We also have information about the test itself. ACCUPLACER Reading Sample Questions The next-generation ACCUPLACER ® Reading test is a broad-spectrum computer adaptive assessment of test-takers’ developed ability to derive meaning from a range of prose texts and to determine the meaning of words and phrases in short and extended contexts. Straightforward Instruction: APEX Test Prep's ACCUPLACER material is easy to understand.
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This is where you’ll place a minuscule amount of shatter. To vape shatter, you need to carefully take your vape pen apart until you can see where the heating coil spring is located. Though not highly recommended, vaping is an alternative to dabbing. No need to buy a dab rig just yet - you can also use shatter in vape pens. You need high heat for the THC concentration to vaporize.ĭab rigs aren’t exactly new to the stoner market and because they’ve been around for quite some time, there are many dab rigs of different variations that can be bought easily nowadays. Grab a creme brulee or butane torch to light up your shatter. One thing to note is that a lighter won’t do whenever you use a dab rig as you would need more of a heavy-duty heating element to get those vapors running. Whenever you buy shatter from reputable sellers, choose a strain that will best fit your needs.Ī dab rig is essentially a water pipe for cannabis concentrates and its main components are a quartz banger or nail, a percolation device to cool down the smoke, and a mouthpiece. If this is your first time using shatter, it is best to start small a rice grain-sized shatter will be enough. Less is always more when using shatter - don’t forget its potency! With cannabinoids level reaching as high as 80 to 90%, shatter can hit you harder compared to a joint. It works the way a bong would too – you’d have to light up the shatter to be able to get a good smoke (or in this case, inhaling it). Probably THE most popular way to smoke shatter, a dab rig is your best friend for this potent BHO.Ī dab rig is an especially made tool that looks very similar to a bong. There are several ways to smoke shatter, and depending on what tool/s you may have with you, shatter is best consumed through the following: Smoke Shatter With A Dab Rig The Best Ways To Smoke Shatter (In Order) The final product is a glass-like sheet of Butane Hash Oil (BHO) cannabis extract that you can smoke by breaking the shatter into small pieces and using a dabbing tool. Shatter, also called shatter wax, shatter weed, and cannabis shatter is an extract produced using a combination of cannabis material such as CBD and THC, and hydrocarbon solvents (usually butane). That’s why we created this detailed guide to help you improve your know-how in smoking shatter and take you through how you can (safely) get high off this potent cannabis extract: Most phones have a timer.So you want to know more about shatters? You may be wondering, what is a shatter really and how is it different from other types of concentrates like rosin? Don't worry, it’s completely normal to not have detailed knowledge of every cannabis extract out there– especially if you’re new to smoking weed or you consider yourself more of a traditionalist. TimerĪs stated previously, waiting a few seconds after you heat a nail ensures it reaches the best temperature and heats evenly. Keep in mind, using e-nails cut out the need for a torch since it can heat itself up. The ones to heat certain desserts like Crème Brulee are often used, though you can find torches specifically for dabbing. This one should be obvious - the torch is used to heat the nail. Each is designed for specific types of concentrate. They have many shapes and sizes, such as needlepoint, ballpoint, spoon, scoop, and paddle. Dabberĭabbers are tools that hold the concentrate. Most dab rigs include a carb cap, though you can buy one separately. It looks similar to a bong, except there’s an area to place the nail. You can buy bangers separately, just make sure the nail you choose is compatible with your dab rig. Electronic nails (e-nails) heat using electricity and have more temperature control properties. Most nails are made of quartz, though you can also find titanium and ceramic nails. The nail is attached to your dab rig some rigs Nails have a similar bucket shape as bowls so you can easily place the shatter in the nail. Think of the nail (commonly called a banger) as if it was a bowl. If you’re not sure what those tools are, no worries. As you saw in the last section, smoking shatter requires some specific tools. PS3, Xbox 360, PC, BlackBerry 10, iOS, Android, Windows Phone, Wii U, PS4, Xbox OneīioWare/ Microsoft Game Studios (later Electronic Arts) Further controversy surrounds the Wii version, due to the fact that it actually simulates the violence through motion control, causing it to be dubbed a "murder simulator". Manhunt 2 has been labeled as possibly the most violent video game ever made and is infamous for being one of only four video games to have received an " Adults Only" rating due to violence. Manhunt gained significant controversy after it was alleged that the game inspired a teenager to commit a murder. Rockstar Games ( Rockstar North) ( Take-Two Interactive)Įxcessive violence and gore. Postal 2 was banned in Germany, New Zealand and Australia. Violence and anti-law, most of which is committed against both civilians and government authorities, as well as racism, sexual themes, drug use, language, and animal cruelty. Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars featured a drug-dealing mini-game. In Grand Theft Auto IV: The Lost and Damned, one mission features full frontal male nudity, while in Grand Theft Auto V, one mission sees the character Trevor Philips torturing another character in several different ways, including waterboarding, pulling out teeth, and administering electrical shocks to the nipples. It was again re-rated "Mature" after Rockstar Games removed this scene from the game's code. Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas was originally rated " Mature" in the U.S., but was reviewed and re-rated "Adults Only" after controversy surrounding a fanmade Hot Coffee mod which unlocked a hidden sex scene (which was in the game's code, but left out of the final version). See also: Controversies surrounding Grand Theft Auto IV, Controversies surrounding Grand Theft Auto V, and Hot Coffee mod Sexual themes, drug use, racism, nudity, foul and sexually explicit language, drunk driving, violence (against civilians, law enforcement members and military personnel). Rockstar Games (formerly DMA Design, now Rockstar North) ( Take-Two Interactive) In response, the Vatican broadcast its public approval of Pokémon in April 2000, claiming that the game was based on "intense ties of friendship", and lacked "any harmful moral side effects." Īndroid, Amazon Fire TV, Dreamcast, Fire OS, Game Boy Color, Game Boy Advance, iOS, Nintendo DS, Nintendo Switch, PC, PS1, PS2, PS3, PS4, PS5, PSP, Shield Portable, Shield Tablet, Shield Android TV, Windows Phone, Xbox, Xbox 360, Xbox One, Xbox Series X The series was also attacked by fundamentalist Christian groups, who argued that it promoted Satanic themes. The resulting controversy forced a drastic redesign of Jynx, changing its skin from black to purple and shrinking its eyes and mouth. Jynx, one of the series' titular creatures, came under heavy backlash following a 2000 article by Carole Boston Weatherford that accused its design of perpetrating blackface imagery. Game Boy, Nintendo 64, Game Boy Color, Game Boy Advance, GameCube, Nintendo DS, Wii, WiiWare, Nintendo 3DS, Wii U, Nintendo Switch Possible catalyst to the implementation of a rating system such as ESRB. When released for home console formats, it became the first "big budget" game to raise the issue of violence in the medium. First fighter to introduce " Fatalities" to finish off opponents. Īrcade, PC, Consoles, Mobile devices, Stadia, Nintendo Switchīlood, violence and gore. Numerous instances of ethnic stereotyping, mainly of the opponent boxers that the player fights. Nintendo, Next Level Games (2009 version) This list related to video games is incomplete you can help by adding missing items. There is a fuel dump limit-valve in each fuel tank that will shut off the flow if the pressure drops below what is needed to supply the engine with adequate fuel. Systems operation may vary from aircraft to aircraft, but the fuel boost pumps alone, or a combination of boost pumps and gravity will be used to jettison fuel. The fuel jettisoning system is usually divided into two separate, independent systems, one for each wing, so that lateral stability can be maintained by jettisoning fuel from the "heavy" wing.Īccording to FAR 23, a fuel jettison system is required for transport category and general aviation aircraft if the maximum takeoff weight exceeds the maximum landing weight. In addition, the fuel must discharge clear of any part of the airplane. The fuel jettisoning valve must be designed to allow flight personnel the ability to close it during any phase of the jettisoning operation. If an aircraft's landing weight is less than its take-off weight a means must be provided to jettison fuel to achieve a safe landing weight.Īccording to FAR 23, both of the statements in the question are true. Each wing contains either a fixed or an extendable dump chute, depending upon system design. The fuel jettisoning system of an aircraft is usually divided into two separate, independent systems, one for each wing, so that lateral stability can be maintained by jettisoning fuel from the "heavy" wing. allow water and sediment to settle to the drain point. resist surging from changes in the attitude of the aircraft.ġ5. It measures by weight instead of volume.ġ4. Sight glass, mechanical, electrical, and electronic.ġ3. An internal component fuel leak (shutoff valve, selector valve, or crossfeed valve).ġ2. The tank is pressurized with up to 1/2 psi air pressure and liquid soap is added to detect leaks.ġ1. reduces fueling time, eliminates aircraft skin damage, and reduces chances of contamination.ġ0. An underwing or single‐point pressure fueling system.ĩ. compare the fuel quantity in the tank with the indication of the electronic fuel quantity system.Ĩ. To provide an interconnected fuel system so that fuel can be fed from various tanks to any engine.ħ. alerts the flight crew that there may be danger of ice crystals forming in the fuel.ĥ. The structure of the cavity that the cell fits into.Ĥ. Rigid removable cell, bladder‐type cell, integral fuel cellģ. If take off weight is higher than the landing weight, in an emergency these aircraft need to reduce the weight to a specified landing weight.Ģ. There’s still a distinct yacht feel to the leather, aluminum, and wood interior, but now it’s refined. Like the exterior, the cabin is familiar, but thoughtfully updated for a new decade. The satin gold paint of this test model looks fantastic: glam enough for a flagship, but subdued, not shouty. A crisp character line adds definition to the lower flanks, while generous helpings of black glazing down low and up top trim visual weight from what is a very large shape. Look closer and there’s a subtle bend to every edge, from the graceful arch of the shoulder line to the taper of the glasshouse. At first glance, it’s all straight lines. Land Rover has stuck to its clean, almost architectural design language for a minute now, and the latest Range Rover makes it even more minimal. JLR’s own Ingenium inline-six will continue to do Range Rover duty too, including a plug-in hybrid model-and a fully electric model in 2024. The in-house V8 has retired, and for the first time in almost 20 years, a BMW eight-cylinder is once again underhood. The expansion has allowed Land Rover to offer the Rangie with three rows of seats in eight-inches-longer LWB, though this tester sticks to the traditional SWB two-row layout. The aluminum unibody chassis has grown in all directions, as is typical for any new car. Lane keep assist, a front and rear parking aid, rear view camera, and cruise control are standard.Land Rover’s flagship rides on a largely new platform for this latest generation. Venture out in confidence with the advanced safety and driver assist features of the 2022 Range Rover Sport. Compare the engine specifications of the Range Rover Sport. Unleash a thrilling 0-60 MPH time of just 4.3 seconds with the supercharged SVR. All-wheel drive (AWD), a Terrain Response® system, and an electronic air-suspension for exceptional handling are standard. Apple CarPlay® / Android Auto™ / Bluetooth®Ģ022 Range Rover Sport Engine & Performanceĭynamic performance lies at the heart of every 2022 Range Rover Sport with Ingenium technology as the foundation.Touch Pro™ Duo infotainment system with Navigation Pro.Technology features standard on the Range Rover Sport include: Most trims will enjoy a premium Meridian™ sound system. Intuitive technology in the 2022 Range Rover Sport keeps you seamlessly connected at all times, while also providing you with the ability to digitally tailor your vehicle settings to your preferences. Additional interior features available on the Range Rover Sport include: Settle into the supple leather seat trim throughout the cabin, standard on the Range Rover Sport. The driver-focused cockpit offers touch-sensitive steering wheel controls and flush infotainment displays, bringing a new meaning to controls right at your fingertips. The redesigned 2022 Range Rover Sport interior provides you with a sanctuary away from home. Power-folding, heated door mirrors with auto-dimming featureĢ022 Range Rover Sport Interior Design & Technology.Additional exterior features available on the Range Rover Sport include: Newly redesigned LED headlights provide enhanced nighttime visibility, while signature LED daytime running lights ensure you stand out from afar. A sports hood, fender vents, and an available gloss black roof are subtle cues that this SUV is a blissful fusion of performance and luxury. The 2022 Range Rover Sport radiates confidence with its muscular body style and sporty stance. Our specialists are happy to assist with questions when you contact us online or by phone at (636) 777-5800. Peruse our 2022 Range Rover Sport inventory to find your desired model, then enjoy an attractive rate on select models with our lease and finance offers. Our team at Land Rover Chesterfield in Chesterfield, MO, has created this 2022 Range Rover Sport review to help you learn more about this elegant SUV. At the core of every Range Rover Sport is a powerful engine delivering dynamic performance and thoughtful features that provide tranquility on every journey. Luxuriously crafted with meticulous attention to detail, the 2022 Land Rover Range Rover Sport implements next-level sophistication designed to make an impression. 2022 Range Rover Sport Review: Interior, Performance, Technology | Chesterfield, MO By following these tips, you can enjoy faster internet speeds and a smoother, more responsive device.Īnd for more such troubleshooting guides, and tips & tricks related to Windows, Android, iOS, and macOS, follow us on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube From clearing your cache and cookies to using a different browser these tips can help to optimize your device’s internet connection and improve your browsing experience. There are several ways to improve internet speed on your Android device. Read Also: 9 Best Internet Speed Booster Apps For Android To Wrap This Up This will give you the option to choose between several network types, including 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G. Then tap on Sim & network, and then choose Preferred network type. To access the preferred network type setting on your Android device, go to your device’s Settings, then select Wi-Fi & internet. By selecting the right network type, you can potentially achieve faster download and upload speeds, resulting in a better browsing experience. This setting determines which mobile network technology your device uses to connect to the internet. To disable auto-sync, go to your device’s Settings > select Accounts.įrom there, select the account that you want to disable auto-sync for > then tap on Account sync > from the list of options toggle off the one you do not want to sync anymore.Ĭhoosing the preferred network type on your Android device is an important step in optimizing your internet speed. This feature can consume valuable resources and slow down your device’s performance. Auto-sync is a feature that automatically syncs your device’s data with the cloud, such as email, contacts, and calendar events. Disable Auto-Syncĭisabling auto-sync can also increase your device’s internet speed. Brave Browser: Why Switching To Brave Might Be A Good Option? 5. These browsers are designed to offer a faster browsing experience and are regularly updated with new features and enhancements. While the default browser on your device may work fine, it may not be optimized for speed and may not be the best option for faster browsing.įortunately, there are several faster browser options available on the Google Play Store, such as Brave, Puffin Browser, Tor Browser, and DuckDuckGo Private Browser. Using a different and faster browser is an effective way to increase internet speed on your Android device. To update your Android OS, go to your device’s Settings, then select “System.” From there, select “System Updates” and then follow the on-screen instructions to download and install the latest update. Updates often contain bug fixes, security enhancements, and performance improvements that can boost your device’s performance. Updating your Android OS can also increase your device’s internet speed. To disable or uninstall these apps, open the particular app(no longer in use) and then tap and hold it for at least 1 second and then choose Uninstall or Disable option from the context menu. Many apps run in the background, consuming valuable resources and slowing down your device’s performance. Another way to increase internet speed on your Android device is to disable unnecessary apps. Other specifications include freedom of holes, dimensions, protein leaching, and powder residue.Ĭompared to medical vinyl gloves, non-medical gloves are not intended for medical use. This standard covers durability, physical property, biological evaluation, and shelf-life determination. This standard is the European standard for examination gloves. This standard covers freedom of holes, dimensions, physical properties, protein leaching, powder residue, and powder amount specifications. This standard is specifically for gloves made from rubber. This is the USA standard for examination gloves. This standard covers freedom of holes, dimensions, and physical property specifications. These gloves are single-use and are made from rubber latex or rubber solutions. This is the standard that Canada uses in regards to their examination gloves. Medical gloves should following one of the three standards listed according to the Government of Canada. Gloves also meet the required standard if they are EN 455 compliant. The Canadian standard for gloves is in compliance with ISO 11193-1 or ASTM D3578 depending on the material used. Manufacturers must obtain a medical device licence from Health Canada in order to import or sell a Class II medical device. Medical vinyl gloves are classified as Class II devices and about 43% of medical devices fall under this classification. These gloves can also be sterile or non-sterile These gloves act as a physical barrier for the health care worker and decrease the chance of contamination. Medical vinyl Examination gloves are all-purpose gloves that can also be used during medical procedures and examinations to prevent the spread of and transmission of disease. Vinyl gloves have a looser fit compared to latex gloves and are often more comfortable to wear. These gloves are inexpensive and are multi-purpose use for a number of different tasks and activities where high precision is not required. Vinyl gloves are a cheaper option when purchasing gloves on the market and provide a physical barrier from viruses and disease. Vinyl gloves are often made from synthetic materials composed of polyvinyl chloride and plasticizers and are latex-free making them perfect for people who have latex allergies. They are synthetic and non-biodegradable, allowing them to have a longer shelf life than latex gloves. Vinyl gloves are a popular choice for first aid training, the food industry, and situations where you may come in contact with germs and bacteria. They are intended to be used with other personal protective equipment (PPE) that is mandated by the Government of Canada and public health agencies to prevent the spread of disease and infection. Vinyl medical examination gloves are onetime use gloves that provide the first layer of defence for healthcare professionals and the patients that they are handling. Antiseptics, Ointments & Sanitizing Products.Provincial First Aid Kits Expand submenu.There is a global shortage on this item and we ask that all customers only order what you need. PLEASE NOTE: All hand sanitizer, masks, gloves, face shield and other PPE sales are final. At this time we CAN NOT provide any refunds on any PPE purchases. After supplies run out we will remove stock from the website. WE CANNOT REFUND SALES TAX AFTER YOU PLACE YOUR ORDER.Īll product is in-stock in Aurora, Ohio and we will only sell what we have in-stock. PLEASE NOTE THAT IF YOU ARE TAX EXEMPT YOU WILL NEED TO REGISTER WITH US AS TAX EXEMPT BEFORE ORDERING. Clean Safety Black NVBlend Gloves – Product Features Exclusive Vinyl / Nitrile synthetic blend Powder free 100% Latex Free 6 Mil Thickness Complies with FDA 21 CFR 177.2600 for use in contact with food.Ĭlean Safety Black NVBlend Gloves – Physical Dimensions Item#Ĭlean Safety Black NVBlend Gloves – Physical Requirements Packing (For what it's worth, I'm using Windows 7 (pro, 64bit) and my printer is a Samsung CLP-325.) Any idea what would cause this and how to avoid it? So I wondered, are there any good ways to do it? In the PDF, things are aligned very well, but the printer messes it up with more than 2 mm difference. The difference seems to be always in the same direction, but strangely, moving the images around doesn't seem to change much - as if the printer automatically corrects this. I already tried adding 1-2mm extra on all sides to allow some fluctuation, but this turns out to be insufficient. However, after several attempts, it seems it's not working as expected: my printer seems to impose extra margins which mess up the alignment (which makes the printed area of the front side no longer coincide with the printed area of the back side). Naturally, both sides of the print need to coincide exactly. I have designed some fancy cards (80mm x 48mm), and I would like to print them on both sides of a sheet of paper now (5x2 per A4 sheet). I receive tons of compliments after my services, I highly recommend Gifted Handz for your next VIP experience. Specially speaking of the Gifted Handz VIP beard oil that has a phenomenal smell and will leave you with an all day lasting shine. To top it all off Gifted Handz also carries a line of products that will enhance your appearance. After each service I leave feeling entirely better than the way I came. Not only will you enjoy an exceptional customer experience, you’ll be pleased in the fact that he is very knowledgeable in his craftsmanship and skill to deliver the look that you’re expecting him to achieve. Gifted Handz hospitality creates an ambiance in the studio that makes you feel right at home. With Gifted Handz VIP’s service, I appreciate the fact that I can enjoy a private service with little to no wait time. It’s often hard to find a good consistent barber who not only has the skills, but perfects his craft with each experience. I’ve been a client at Gifted Handz VIP for three years now and the service is exceptional. The service I receive is very personalized and I am a lifelong customer of this company. I would definitely recommend Gifted Handz VIP to anyone looking to create a daily routine with excellent products and ingredients. With the use of the Gifted Handz products, I have noticed clearer and smoother skin, and a more defined wave pattern. The wooden beard pick and brush are used to smooth out my beard and enhance my waves. The shampoo/conditioner combination is used before each hair cut. The pomade is also a daily use, in which I use nightly. It is evident that they have researched the best ingredients and created products for excellent grooming.įor daily skin care, I use the the cleansing foam twice a day. Gifted Handz ensures that I am aware of the products and how to effectively use each product. I have been using the Gifted Handz VIP products since the release of the products. The Gifted Handz VIP products that I currently have are the beard oil, pomade, shampoo/conditioner combination, facial cleansing foam, wooden beard pick, and the wave brush. He continues to inspire and empower individuals worldwide with his unwavering dedication to transforming lives through grooming and self-care. Kendall, also known as Gifted Handz, is a globally recognized figure in the grooming industry, and his contributions have earned him widespread acclaim and appreciation. Additionally, Kendall created a line of vegan-friendly hair and skincare products suitable for all hair and skin types. Here, he has become a respected mentor and teacher, sharing his knowledge and expertise with aspiring barbers and beauty professionals alike. Kendall’s passion for grooming and self-care remained steadfast, and he eventually found his calling in the barbering industry. He then joined the United States Air Force as a firefighter, where he honed his disciplined approach to life and work. Home Gifted Hands Beauty & Barber Shop - Frederick Gifted Hands Beauty & Barber Shop 1828 Rosemont Ave Frederick MD, 21702 Phone: (301) 228-0894 Category: Barbers, Beauty Salon Store Hours: Nearby Stores: Hair Worx Salon - Frederick Hours: 9am - 5pm (1.2 miles) Martha's Hair Salon - Frederick Hours: 9am - 9pm (1. In 2014, Kendall graduated from Grambling State University with a Bachelor of Science Degree in Business Management. In 2010, while pursuing his studies at Grambling State University, Kendall discovered his natural talent for grooming and self-care, and since then, he has been on a mission to help others look and feel their best. If you choose to do business with this business, please let the business know that you contacted BBB for a BBB Business Profile.Īs a matter of policy, BBB does not endorse any product, service or business.Kendall Harris is an accomplished entrepreneur from Monroe, Louisiana, who has devoted his career to revolutionizing the grooming industry. BBB Business Profiles are subject to change at any time. When considering complaint information, please take into account the company's size and volume of transactions, and understand that the nature of complaints and a firm's responses to them are often more important than the number of complaints.īBB Business Profiles generally cover a three-year reporting period. However, BBB does not verify the accuracy of information provided by third parties, and does not guarantee the accuracy of any information in Business Profiles. BBB asks third parties who publish complaints, reviews and/or responses on this website to affirm that the information provided is accurate. BBB Business Profiles may not be reproduced for sales or promotional purposes.īBB Business Profiles are provided solely to assist you in exercising your own best judgment. Several algorithms, including MiXCR 11, BALDR 16, BASIC 17 and VDJPuzzle 18, have been developed to construct full-length paired TCRs or BCRs from the SMART-seq scRNA-seq platform 19. With the advance of scRNA-seq technologies, researchers can study immune cell gene expression and receptor repertoire sequences simultaneously. Therefore, algorithms that can infer full-length immune receptor repertoires can facilitate better receptor–antigen interaction modeling. 14), and four out of nine positions contributing most to 4A8 antibody binding to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein are in CDR1 and CDR2 (ref. For example, five out of six mutations predicted in a recent study to influence antibody affinity in the acidic tumor environment are located in CDR1 and CDR2 (ref. These methods focus on reconstruction of complementary-determining region 3 (CDR3), with limited ability to assemble full-length V(D)J receptor sequences, although CDR1 and CDR2 on the V sequence still contribute considerably to antigen recognition and binding. Recent years have also seen other computational methods introduced for immune repertoire construction from RNA-seq data, including V’DJer 10, MiXCR 11, CATT 12 and ImRep 13. Although less sensitive than TCR-seq and BCR-seq, TRUST is able to identify the abundantly expressed and potentially more clonally expanded TCRs/BCRs in the RNA-seq data that are more likely to be involved in antigen binding 9. When applied to The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) tumor RNA-seq data, TRUST revealed profound biological insights into the repertoires of tumor-infiltrating T cells 6 and B cells 8, as well as their associated tumor immunity. Previously we developed the TRUST algorithm 6, 7, 8, utilized to de novo assemble immune receptor repertories directly from tissue or blood RNA-seq data. However, because repertoire sequences from V(D)J recombination and SHM are different from the germline, they are often eliminated in the read-mapping step. Alternatively, RNA-seq data contain expressed TCR and BCR sequences in tissues or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Repertoire sequencing has been increasingly adopted in infectious disease 1, allergy 2, autoimmune 3, tumor immuology 4 and cancer immunotherapy 5 studies, but it is an expensive assay and consumes valuable tissue samples. Following antigen recognition, BCRs also undergo somatic hypermutations (SHMs) to further improve antigen-binding affinity. Both T and B cells can generate diverse receptor (TCR and BCR, respectively) repertoires, through somatic V(D)J recombination, to recognize various external antigens or tumor neoantigens. |
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